recombinant mouse spp1 protein  (MedChemExpress)

Journal: Cell Regeneration

Article Title: Integrative analysis and experimental validation identify the role of CD44 and Nucleolin in regulating gliogenesis following spinal cord injury

doi: 10.1186/s13619-025-00253-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Dynamic cell portion changes and intercellular communication analysis revealed SPP1 signaling pathway was critical in microglia after SCI. A , B Stacked bar plots depicting changes in the relative abundance of major cell types in spinal cord ( A ) and peripheral immune cell populations ( B ) across various time points. Astrocytes, microglia, OPCs, and MDMs show marked shifts, particularly in the acute (1~3 dpi) and subacute phases of SCI, the absence of 42 dpi stems directly from the source data ( GSE172167 ), where immune cell clusters were not identified or annotated at this specific time point in the original study. C Intercellular communication networks illustrate increased signaling complexity at 1 and 3 dpi compared to the sham condition. D Quantitative result of the total number of interactions in sham, 1 dpi, and 3 dpi samples, showing a significant increase in cell–cell interactions post-injury. E Heatmaps displaying the changes in signaling patterns for key cell types. SPP1 became prominent at 1 dpi. F Information flow of microglia indicated the SPP1 signal was significant

Article Snippet: After adhesion, recombinant mouse SPP1 protein (MCE, Cat No. HY- P71786 ) and recombinant mouse PTN protein (MCE, Cat No. HY- P71213 ) were separately administered to the microglia and astrocytes at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 μg/mL for a duration of 24 h. Subsequent to the stimulation period, the culture medium was carefully removed, and the cells were gently washed twice with PBS.

Techniques:

Journal: Cell Regeneration

Article Title: Integrative analysis and experimental validation identify the role of CD44 and Nucleolin in regulating gliogenesis following spinal cord injury

doi: 10.1186/s13619-025-00253-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: SPP1-CD44 signaling promotes microglial activation and inflammatory response. A SPP1 signaling pathway network showing interactions between microglia and other cell types. B A circular plot illustrating the interaction network of microglia with other cells in various ligand -receptor pairs, including Spp1 - Cd44 . C , D Violin plots showing expression levels of Spp1 and Cd44 across different cell types in sham (blue) and 1 dpi (red). Both genes show elevated expression in microglia following injury. E Violin plot of Cd44 expression in microglia subclusters, showing the upregulation in the wound healing and inflammatory response2 cluster at 1 dpi. F The microglia were sorted by flow cytometry and ( G ) Cd44 gene expression was detected by qRCR. H Flow cytometry analysis of CD44 positive microglia after SCI, showing a marked increase in CD44 + microglia during 7 dpi. I Immunofluorescence images of spinal cord lesion site stained for Iba1, CD44, SPP1, and merged with DAPI. White arrows indicate the co-stained CD44 + and SPP1 + signals in Iba1 positive microglia ( J ) Quantification results of CD44 + and SPP1 + in Iba1 positive microglia cells. K Using PLA to detect specific SPP1-CD44 interactions of spinal cord lesion site in situ. L Quantification of PLA results, the PLA signal is quantified and plotted as the area of PLA signal per Iba1 positive cell. M , N qRT-PCR showing dose- and time-dependent increases of Cd44 expression in BV2 microglia after recombinant SPP1 stimulation. O Representative images of PLA assay specific SPP1-CD44 interactions of BV2 microglia cells in vitro. P PLA signal was quantified and plotted as the area of PLA signal per cell. Q ELISA quantification of IL-6 levels in cell supernatant after SPP1 stimulation. R Western blot showing the time course of CD44 and p-NF-κB p65 protein expression in BV2 cells after SPP1 treatment. ( S – T ) Quantification of CD44 and p-NF-κB p65 protein levels. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. ( n = 3, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001)

Article Snippet: After adhesion, recombinant mouse SPP1 protein (MCE, Cat No. HY- P71786 ) and recombinant mouse PTN protein (MCE, Cat No. HY- P71213 ) were separately administered to the microglia and astrocytes at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 μg/mL for a duration of 24 h. Subsequent to the stimulation period, the culture medium was carefully removed, and the cells were gently washed twice with PBS.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Flow Cytometry, Gene Expression, Immunofluorescence, Staining, In Situ, Quantitative RT-PCR, Recombinant, In Vitro, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Western Blot

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Single-cell resolution spatial analysis of antigen-presenting cancer-associated fibroblast niches

doi: 10.1101/2024.11.15.623232

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Scheme of human cancer types included in the integrated analysis. (B) Numbers of samples in each normal tissue or cancer type. (C) Marker genes of the major cell types in the pan-cancer scRNA-seq atlas. (D) UMAPs showing LUM , MCAM , CSPG4 , MYH11 , ACTA2 , FAP , MMP11 , PIEZO2 , C1QA , C1QB , C1QC , CD34 expression in CAFs. (E) Signature genes of apCAF subclusters. (F) Expression of CD24 and CD37 in the two apCAF lineages. (G) Combined overall survival of the 14 types of cancer with SPP1 expression. (H) Regulon of SPI1 in each CAF subcluster revealed by SCENIC algorithm. (I) Regulon of POU5F1 in each CAF subcluster revealed by SCENIC algorithm. (J) ChIP-seq binding peaks of OCT4 at the SPP1 promoter in fibroblasts visualized using the WashU Epigenome Browser from the Cistrome project.

Article Snippet: For the wound healing assay, cells were plated onto 6-well tissue culture plates coated with 50 μg/ml Matrigel (BD Biosciences) with or without 100 ng/ml recombinant mouse SPP1 protein (R&D Systems) or 1 μg/ml SPP1 monoclonal antibody (Bio X Cell).

Techniques: Marker, Expressing, ChIP-sequencing, Binding Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Single-cell resolution spatial analysis of antigen-presenting cancer-associated fibroblast niches

doi: 10.1101/2024.11.15.623232

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) All apCAFs marked by MHC II molecule expression are extracted from and re-clustered, revealing four apCAF subclusters. (B) UMAPs of signature genes of apCAF subclusters including CD74 , MSLN , UPK3B , KRT19 , PTPRC , CD52 (C) Pseudotime analysis reveals two distinct trajectories of apCAFs. Expression of CD74 , HLA-DRA , MSLN , PTPRC and SPP1 along the trajectories are shown. (D) Up-regulated genes in the F-apCAF lineage (subcluster 2 vs 1) are used to perform GSEA pathway analysis. Significant pathways are shown. (E) Up-regulated genes in the M-apCAF lineage (subcluster 3 vs 0) are used to perform GSEA pathway analysis. Significant pathways are shown. (F) Differentially expressed genes in apCAFs in cancer compared to normal tissues. Six most up-regulated and robustly expressed genes are identified: NDUFA4L2 , SPP1 , PLOD2 , EGLN3 , ANGPTL4 , HILPDA . (G) Expression of NDUFA4L2 , SPP1 , PLOD2 , EGLN3 , ANGPTL4 , HILPDA in each CAF subcluster. (H) Combined overall survival of the 14 types of cancer with the six-gene signature ( NDUFA4L2 , SPP1 , PLOD2 , EGLN3 , ANGPTL4 , HILPDA ). (I) Regulatory network of transcription factors in each CAF subcluster revealed by SCENIC algorithm. (J) Regulatory network of genes by SPI1 in F-apCAFs. (K) Regulatory network of genes by POU5F1 in M-apCAFs. (L) Abundance of F-apCAFs in different cancer types. (M) Abundance of M-apCAFs in different cancer types.

Article Snippet: For the wound healing assay, cells were plated onto 6-well tissue culture plates coated with 50 μg/ml Matrigel (BD Biosciences) with or without 100 ng/ml recombinant mouse SPP1 protein (R&D Systems) or 1 μg/ml SPP1 monoclonal antibody (Bio X Cell).

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Single-cell resolution spatial analysis of antigen-presenting cancer-associated fibroblast niches

doi: 10.1101/2024.11.15.623232

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) IHC staining for pan-cytokeratin (PanCK) in human PM samples. Scale bars, 250 μm. (red arrow, normal mesothelium; blue arrow, cytokeratin + CAFs). (B) Multiplex IHC staining for PanCK, SPINK4 and DAPI in human PM samples. Scale bars, 10 μm. (C) Visualization of normal mesothelium adjacent to M-apCAF-enriched areas from Xenium assay. M-apCAFs, cancer cells and the expression of normal mesothelial cell genes MSLN and UPK3B are shown. (D) Ligand-receptor interaction analysis between M-apCAFs (ligands) and different populations of immune cells (receptors). (E) Ligand-receptor interaction analysis between M-apCAFs (ligands) and cancer cells (receptors). (F) SPP1 expression in the iCMS2 CAFs (patient 2, 3, 5, 8 (P2, P3, P5, P8)) and iCMS3 CAFs (patient 1, 4, 6, 7 (P1, P4, P6, P7)) from the GeoMx assay.

Article Snippet: For the wound healing assay, cells were plated onto 6-well tissue culture plates coated with 50 μg/ml Matrigel (BD Biosciences) with or without 100 ng/ml recombinant mouse SPP1 protein (R&D Systems) or 1 μg/ml SPP1 monoclonal antibody (Bio X Cell).

Techniques: Immunohistochemistry, Multiplex Assay, Expressing

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Single-cell resolution spatial analysis of antigen-presenting cancer-associated fibroblast niches

doi: 10.1101/2024.11.15.623232

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Robust cell type decomposition is performed in human PM sample with robust cytokeratin + CAF formation to deconvolve the Xenium data into cell types using our pan-cancer scRNA-seq atlas as reference. (B) Four spatial niches are identified. Percentages of cell types within each niche are shown. (C) Visualization of the spatial distribution of different cell types in four M-apCAF-enriched regions. (D) Expression of T cell immunosuppressive genes across four spatial niches. (E) RT-PCR (n=3/group) and western blots measuring the expression of SPP1 in OmMeso cells after tumor conditioned medium treatment. (F) Wound healing assays are performed to measure the migration capability of MC38 colon cancer cells in the presence of mouse recombinant protein or anti-SPP1 mAb. Representative pictures of cell migration at 0h, 24h, 48h are shown. n=3/group. (G) Matrigel transwell assays in the presence of mouse recombinant protein or anti-SPP1 mAb for 24 hours are performed. Representative pictures for each group are shown. n=3/group. (H) MC38 cancer cells are injected intraperitoneally into wildtype (WT) or Spp1 knockout (KO) mice on a C57BL/6 background (WT, n=8; KO, n=10). Mice are sacrificed 4 weeks after cancer cell injection. Peritoneal cancer index (PCI) scores and ascites formation are measured. (I) MC38 cancer cells are injected intraperitoneally into wildtype C57BL/6 mice. Mice are treated with control Ab or anti-SPP1 mAb (n=5/group) one week after cancer cell injection and maintained at two doses/week. Mice are sacrificed 4 weeks after cancer cell injection. PCI scores and ascites formation are measured.

Article Snippet: For the wound healing assay, cells were plated onto 6-well tissue culture plates coated with 50 μg/ml Matrigel (BD Biosciences) with or without 100 ng/ml recombinant mouse SPP1 protein (R&D Systems) or 1 μg/ml SPP1 monoclonal antibody (Bio X Cell).

Techniques: Expressing, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Western Blot, Migration, Recombinant, Injection, Knock-Out, Control

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Single-cell resolution spatial analysis of antigen-presenting cancer-associated fibroblast niches

doi: 10.1101/2024.11.15.623232

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) UMAP of major cell types across the 6 human PDAC samples identified from the Xenium assays. (B) Marker genes of the major cell types in PDAC. (C) Proportions of the major cell types in the treatment naïve and chemoradiotherapy (chemo-RT)-treated PDAC samples. (D) Expression of SPP1 in cancer cell 1 and cancer cell 2 populations. (E) Robust cell type decomposition is performed in PDAC to deconvolve the Xenium data into cell types using our pan-cancer scRNA-seq atlas as reference. (F) Spp1 WT or KO tumors are digested into single cell suspension and subjected to scRNA-seq. Major cell types are identified in the merged data from Spp1 WT and KO groups. (G) Marker genes of major cell types in Spp1 WT and KO tumors. (H) IHC staining and quantification for CD3 and CD8 in Spp1 WT and KO tumors (n=3/group). (I) Expression of Spp1 , Ptprc , Cd24a and Msln in CAFs of Spp1 WT and KO tumors.

Article Snippet: For the wound healing assay, cells were plated onto 6-well tissue culture plates coated with 50 μg/ml Matrigel (BD Biosciences) with or without 100 ng/ml recombinant mouse SPP1 protein (R&D Systems) or 1 μg/ml SPP1 monoclonal antibody (Bio X Cell).

Techniques: Marker, Expressing, Suspension, Immunohistochemistry

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Single-cell resolution spatial analysis of antigen-presenting cancer-associated fibroblast niches

doi: 10.1101/2024.11.15.623232

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Spatial niches are identified in human PDAC sample with TLS formation. (B) Based on the spatial niches and expression of SPP1 in cancer cells, PDAC sample is classified into four areas: stroma, TLS, SPP1 - and SPP1 + cancer. Deconvolved cell types are shown in each area. (C) Expression of SPP1 is visualized in SPP1 - and SPP1 + cancer areas. (D) Proportions of F-apCAFs and M-apCAFs are quantified in stromal, TLS, SPP1 - and SPP1 + cancer areas (n=3 for each area). (E) Western blots measuring the expression of SPP1 in PanMeso cells after tumor conditioned medium treatment. (F) GFP + PanMeso cells are co-injected with a murine PDAC cell line (BMFA3: In Vivo 1 or CT1BA5: In Vivo 2) at a 1:1 ratio. Tumors are harvested 1 month after injection and digested into single-cell suspension. GFP + cells are collected by flow sorting and subjected to RNA-seq analysis in comparison to parental PanMeso cells to evaluate the Spp1 expression. (G) Syngeneic PDAC cancer cells (6620c1) are injected orthotopically into wildtype (WT) or Spp1 knockout (KO) C57BL/6 mice (n=6/group). Tumors are harvested 1 month after injection. (H) Spp1 WT or KO tumors are digested into single cell suspension and subjected to scRNA-seq (6 tumors/group, every two tumors are pooled together for library construction). Ratio of each cell type between WT and KO group is compared and quantified. (I) CAFs from both Spp1 WT or KO tumors are extracted from the scRNA-seq data. iCAF, myCAF and apCAF clusters are identified. (J) Signature genes of each CAF subtype. (K) Proportional changes of CAF subtypes between Spp1 WT and KO group. (L) UMAPs showing sslCAF marker Pi16 and Dpt expression between Spp1 WT and KO tumors. (M) CytoTRACE analysis determining the progenitor and differentiation status among iCAFs, myCAFs and apCAFs, with higher score indicating more stem-like and less differentiated status. (N) Quantification of the expression of T cell chemoattractant genes in CAFs between Spp1 WT and KO tumors. (O) Syngeneic PDAC cancer cells (6620c1) are injected orthotopically into wildtype C57BL/6 mice. Mice are treated with control Ab (n=5) or anti-SPP1 mAb (n=7) one week after cancer cell injection and maintained at two doses/week. Mice are sacrificed 4 weeks after cancer cell injection.

Article Snippet: For the wound healing assay, cells were plated onto 6-well tissue culture plates coated with 50 μg/ml Matrigel (BD Biosciences) with or without 100 ng/ml recombinant mouse SPP1 protein (R&D Systems) or 1 μg/ml SPP1 monoclonal antibody (Bio X Cell).

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Injection, In Vivo, Suspension, RNA Sequencing Assay, Comparison, Knock-Out, Marker, Control

Journal: Human Molecular Genetics

Article Title: Spp1 (osteopontin) promotes TGFβ processing in fibroblasts of dystrophin-deficient muscles through matrix metalloproteinases

doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddz181

Figure Lengend Snippet: The autocrine effect of Spp1 on muscle fibroblast collagen expression is mediated by TGFβ. (A) Primary Spp1−/−mdx fibroblasts were incubated for 24 h with CM collected from either Spp1−/−mdx or Spp1+/+mdx fibroblasts, and expression of collagen I was assessed by RT-PCR. (B) Spp1 was purified from Spp1+/+mdx fibroblasts CM by immunoprecipitation for use in subsequent experiments. Non-specific beads (left panel) were used as a negative control to insure specificity of immunoprecipitation by Spp1-specific antibodies (middle panel). The concentration of immunoprecipitated Spp1 was determined by comparison with a standard curve of rSpp1 (right panel) by densitometry. (C) Immunoprecipitated (IP'd) Spp1 was incubated with Spp1−/−mdx fibroblasts, and collagen I expression was measured. (D) Expression of collagen I was significantly suppressed when Spp1−/−mdx fibroblasts were incubated with CM of Spp1+/+mdx fibroblasts, supplemented with the TGFβ inhibitor (10 μm of SB431542). (E) Twenty-four-hour incubation of Spp1−/−mdx fibroblasts with Spp1+/+mdx CM, IP'd Spp1 or rSpp1 did not upregulate expression of TGFβ gene.

Article Snippet: Concentration of immunoprecipitated Spp1 was determined by comparing with a range of known amounts of recombinant mouse Spp1 (R&D Systems) loaded on the same gel.

Techniques: Expressing, Incubation, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Purification, Immunoprecipitation, Negative Control, Concentration Assay, Comparison

Journal: Human Molecular Genetics

Article Title: Spp1 (osteopontin) promotes TGFβ processing in fibroblasts of dystrophin-deficient muscles through matrix metalloproteinases

doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddz181

Figure Lengend Snippet: Extracellular processing of TGFβ is decreased in the absence of Spp1. (A) Western blot analysis of concentrated CM from Spp1−/−mdx and Spp1+/+mdx fibroblasts revealed that levels of proteolytically processed (25 kDa) TGFβ are decreased in CM lacking Spp1. Ponceau staining demonstrates equal loading of the concentrated CM. (B) Schematic representation of the hypothesis that Spp1 is required for normal extracellular processing of TGFβ that in turn controls collagen I expression. (C) Western blot analysis of total muscle extracts from Spp1+/+mdxB10 and Spp1−/−mdxB10 mice demonstrates decreased levels of processed TGFβ in the absence of Spp1. n = 4 of each genotype. Quantitative analysis of the western blot is shown in (D). Asterisk indicates statistical significance of P < 0.05. The nitrocellulose membrane was stained with ponceau after transfer and used to assess gel loading. Molecular weight markers were run in the middle lane and used to estimate TGFβ size.

Article Snippet: Concentration of immunoprecipitated Spp1 was determined by comparing with a range of known amounts of recombinant mouse Spp1 (R&D Systems) loaded on the same gel.

Techniques: Western Blot, Staining, Expressing, Membrane, Molecular Weight

Journal: Human Molecular Genetics

Article Title: Spp1 (osteopontin) promotes TGFβ processing in fibroblasts of dystrophin-deficient muscles through matrix metalloproteinases

doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddz181

Figure Lengend Snippet: Spp1 regulates expression of Mmp9 that contributes to the proteolytic processing of TGFβ. (A) rSpp1 upregulates expression of Mmp9 in Spp1−/−mdx fibroblasts as assessed by quantitative RT-PCR. (B) Western blot analysis showed increased Mmp9 inside the cells and in concentrated CM from Spp1+/+mdx fibroblasts compared to Spp1−/−mdx fibroblasts. (C) rSpp1 activates Akt signaling pathway as revealed by increased phosphorylation of Thr308 (D). Expression of Mmp9 gene was significantly decreased by incubation with Akt inhibitor (HY-15431). (E) Western blot analysis of total protein lysates from Spp1−/−mdxB10 and Spp1+/+mdxB10 mice (n = 4 of each genotype) showed that Spp1 regulates Mmp9 expression in vivo; quantitative analysis of the blot is shown in (F). (G) Schematic representation of the hypothesis that Spp1 regulates expression of Mmp9, which contributes to proteolytic processing of TGFβ. Asterisk indicates statistical significance of P < 0.05; AU, arbitrary units.

Article Snippet: Concentration of immunoprecipitated Spp1 was determined by comparing with a range of known amounts of recombinant mouse Spp1 (R&D Systems) loaded on the same gel.

Techniques: Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot, Incubation, In Vivo

Journal: Human Molecular Genetics

Article Title: Spp1 (osteopontin) promotes TGFβ processing in fibroblasts of dystrophin-deficient muscles through matrix metalloproteinases

doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddz181

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of Spp1 ablation in mdxD2 mice. (A) Schematic of a genetic cross to produce Spp1−/−mdxD2 mice. (B) Western blot analysis of the total protein lysates from Spp1−/−mdxD2 mice and Spp1+/+mdxD2 mice (n = 4 of each genotype). The active form of TGFβ (25 kDa) was not different between the two genotypes. Quantitative analysis of the western blot is shown in (C). Asterisk indicates statistical significance of P < 0.05; AU, arbitrary units. (D) Analysis of total collagen content in 12- and 28-week-old Spp1−/−mdxD2 mice and Spp1+/+mdxD2 mice using hydroxyproline (HYP) assay. (E) RT-PCR analysis of collagen I expression did not show a difference between Spp1−/−mdxD2 and Spp1+/+mdxD2 muscles. (F) Immunofluorescent staining using anti-collagen I antibody. No significant differences were observed between Spp1+/+mdxD2 and Spp1−/−mdxD2 muscles.

Article Snippet: Concentration of immunoprecipitated Spp1 was determined by comparing with a range of known amounts of recombinant mouse Spp1 (R&D Systems) loaded on the same gel.

Techniques: Western Blot, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Expressing, Muscles, Staining

Journal: Human Molecular Genetics

Article Title: Spp1 (osteopontin) promotes TGFβ processing in fibroblasts of dystrophin-deficient muscles through matrix metalloproteinases

doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddz181

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of postnatal pharmacological inhibition of Spp1 in mdxB10 mice. (A) Western blot of Spp1 levels in mdxB10 primary fibroblasts that were incubated with increasing concentration of PTC-549 for 72 h. Blot was probed with anti-Spp1 antibodies (upper panel). Lower panel shows GAPDH, which was used as a loading control. (B) Quantitative analysis of the western blot shown in (A). Bars represent the percent of Spp1 inhibition relative to DMSO control. (C) Western blot of whole muscle lysates from DMSO- or PTC-549-treated mice (n = 5 per group in pooled samples) probed with anti-Spp1 antibody. First lane shows muscle lysate lacking Spp1 to ensure antibody specificity. (D) Western blot analysis of total protein lysates from mdxB10 mice treated with PTC-549 or DMSO for 6 months (n = 4 per group). The data showed decreases in the active form of TGFβ (25 kDa) in PTC-54-treated mice. Quantitative analysis of the western blot is shown in (E). (F) Wire mesh test showed that time on the wire was significantly higher for mice treated with PTC-549 at 4 weeks of treatment and up to 23 weeks (n = 8 and 9 mice per group). (G) Analysis of total collagen content after 24 weeks of treatment with PTC-549 or DMSO using hydroxyproline (HYP) assay. Asterisk indicates statistical significance of P < 0.05; AU, arbitrary units.

Article Snippet: Concentration of immunoprecipitated Spp1 was determined by comparing with a range of known amounts of recombinant mouse Spp1 (R&D Systems) loaded on the same gel.

Techniques: Inhibition, Western Blot, Incubation, Concentration Assay

Journal: Human Molecular Genetics

Article Title: Spp1 (osteopontin) promotes TGFβ processing in fibroblasts of dystrophin-deficient muscles through matrix metalloproteinases

doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddz181

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic of Spp1 effects on different cell populations in dystrophic muscle. Spp1 is elevated in dystrophic muscles. Spp1 causes macrophages to polarize away from M2c and reduce their growth factor secretion of IGF1 and LIF. Spp1 also acts on fibroblasts to induce MMP9 expression, which leads to processing of TGFβ.

Article Snippet: Concentration of immunoprecipitated Spp1 was determined by comparing with a range of known amounts of recombinant mouse Spp1 (R&D Systems) loaded on the same gel.

Techniques: Muscles, Expressing